Macroeconomic performance⁹

Real GDP growth was an estimated 4.0% in 2018, up from 3.7% in 2017, due to higher commodity prices and greater mining production. The primary sector continued to be the key driver of growth, sustained by a dynamic extraction sector. Because of budget pressures on the country’s own resources linked to elections, the fiscal balance slipped to an estimated deficit of 0.6% of GDP, down from a surplus of 0.1% in 2017. Management of government debt remained controlled, at an estimated 18.2% of GDP at the end of 2017. In 2018, The Central Bank of the Congo lowered its key interest rate from 20% to 14% in view of more favorable developments in economic activity. Inflation was an estimated 27.7% in 2018, down from 41.5% in 2017. The current account deficit fell to 1.1% of GDP in 2018 from 3.6% in 2017, as a result of greater mining production

⁹Source: African Economic Outlook, 2019, African Development Bank. Accessible here: https://www.afdb.org/en/knowledge/publications/african-economic-outlook/

Business environment and private sector development¹⁰

The Private Sector Development and Competitiveness Project for Congo aims to increase the competitiveness of the economy, and thereby contribute to economic growth. The project will achieve these objectives by assisting with improving the investment climate; by supporting reform of public enterprises in the mining, telecoms, financial, transport, and energy sectors; by stimulating economic diversification and development in the Katanga region through community-driven development approaches and by facilitating the reintegration of retrenched workers in the local economy through support for training, business development services and finance. There are four components to the project. Component 1: Improving the investment climate. This component will strengthen the judiciary system and improve the legal and fiscal framework by establishing a private national arbitration center, by providing technical and financial support to three commercial tribunals (in Kmshasa and Lumumbashi), by providing training and technical and operational support to the "inspection ginirale de justice", by providing training to the legal gazette staff and operational support to the judiciary, and by disseminating legal information. Component 2: Implementing the parastatal reform. This component will help to strengthen regulatory authorities in the telecommunication, transport and energy sectors through technical assistance and training. It will facilitate divestiture from the public enterprises by supporting formulation of strategies reflecting the consensus of all stakeholders, functional, organizational and non-certified accounting audits, and environmental audits and legal assessments. Component 3: Initiatives for economic development in the Katanga region. This component supports measures aimed at increasing competitiveness of the economy of Katanga, the leading mining region in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Katanga is expected to attract private investment in mining after a brief period of restructuring of parastatal Gecamines. The component would create new economic opportunities for the workers retrenched from Gecamines and other parastatals present in Katanga, and foster regional economic development. Component 4. Project Coordination and Implementation arrangements. The implementation of the project will require regular follow-up from an implementation unit, which will need to monitor financial management of the project, track disbursement, engage in procurement activities when needed.

¹⁰http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/539871468032409049/Congo-Democratic-Republic-of-Private-Sector-Development-and-Competitiveness-Project

Key takeaways on the electricity sector

Electricity Access¹¹

Democratic of Congo electricity access has reached 19% of the population in urban areas, while in rural areas is still limited to 1%, although increasing. The national overall electricity access rate is 9%.¹²

Table 1 Rural electrification

Installed capacity¹³

The DRC has an immense and varied energy potential, consisting of non-renewable resources, including oil, natural gas, and uranium, as well as renewable energy sources, including hydroelectric, biomass, solar, wind, and geothermal power. Hydroelectric power accounts for 96 percent of domestic power generation, the bulk of which is generated by the Inga I and Inga II dams, located in Kongo Central province. While Inga I and II have an installed capacity of 1,775 megawatts, the facility generates a fraction of that due to decades of deferred maintenance and neglect.

Most power generation development, including the construction of new, and the rehabilitation of existing, power generating facilities is directed and funded by mining companies seeking to power their facilities. In 2014, a new electricity law was adopted in the DRC, enabling the energy sector to be opened up to more independent producers of traditional and renewable energy. In addition, many universities and academic institutions in the DRC have founded centers for the research and development of renewable energies such as solar energy and biodiesel.

Production¹⁴

The Republic of Congo’s energy sector is ripe for investment. The absence of reliable power grids and adequate electrical distribution has a dampening effect on investment and development, as potential investors typically have to provide their own power generation to operate effectively. Electricity production cannot keep up with demand; additionally, distribution cannot keep up with production, so production is often wasted or simply scaled back. The distribution system suffers from old, failing infrastructure and significant energy theft. A large percentage of clients – around 30% - don’t pay their bills, and it is estimated that in the first half of 2015, 53% of the produced energy was lost either technically or commercially. Accounting is so poor that the national electric company (SNE) is uncertain whether it is charging too much, too little, or the right amount, to recover costs.

Total installed capacity of hydropower is 2,542 MW which has seen little change over the past 30 years due to a lack of new investments. Of this, only half of this potential is actually generated (producing about 8,349 GWh/year) due to breakdown, maintenance issues and low-water level, in part also underscoring climate vulnerability of hydro generation capacity. , most hydropower stations in the DRC are not operational at their full capacity as they suffer from the lack of spare parts and equipment maintenance. Moreover, the DRC has no national-wide transmission network. There are only three inter-provincial grids in the West (Central Congo and Kinshasa), East (North and South Kivu), and South (Haut-Katanga, Lualaba) of the country (Figure 3 and Figure 4). Some mining companies have developed their own power generation including small-hydro power, however, these do not supply electricity to surrounding population in most of the cases, as contrasted to proposed pilot mini-grids. In several towns, power is supplied by few formal independent power companies such as EDC in Tshikapa, Virunga SARL in Mutwanga and Matebe, Enerka in Mbuji-Mayi, but also by mining companies such as SOKIMO (connecting local communities as part of community engagement initiatives).¹⁵

Table 2 Detailed breakdown of plants per site and type of technology, in % :¹⁶:

Table 3 Detailed breakdown of operational status of Hydro power plants per site¹⁷:

Production costs

Production cost of thermal electricity:

Production cost of hydraulic electricity:

Maintenance

[To be completed]

Downtime and efficiency

Tariffs

[To be completed]

¹¹https://www.se4all-africa.org/seforall-in-africa/country-data/democratic-republic-of-congo/ ¹²https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/DRC-_November_2018_Country_Fact_Sheet_0.pdf
¹³https://www.export.gov/article?id=Congo-Democratic-Republic-Energy
¹⁴https://www.export.gov/article?id=Republic-of-Congo-Energy-Production-and-Distribution-Sector ¹⁵https://www.greenclimate.fund/documents/20182/574760/Funding_Proposal_-_FP096_-_AfDB_-_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.pdf/f8a8f0b8-cce7-10ae-9838-cf704ac4e6e5
¹⁶https://www.greenclimate.fund/documents/20182/574760/Funding_Proposal_-_FP096_-_AfDB_-_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.pdf/f8a8f0b8-cce7-10ae-9838-cf704ac4e6e5
¹⁷https://www.greenclimate.fund/documents/20182/574760/Funding_Proposal_-_FP096_-_AfDB_-_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.pdf/f8a8f0b8-cce7-10ae-9838-cf704ac4e6e5

Country strategy on the environment and climate change²¹

Policy and regulation

The DRC’s GHG emissions increased by 4.07 MtCO2e from 1990 to 2014. The average annual change in emissions is shown in the line graph below. The change in emissions in the two highest emitting sectors is discussed below. LUCF: The DRC contains more than half of the remaining Congo Basin rainforest, the secondlargest tropical forest on Earth. LUCF emissions in the DRC decreased 2% from 1990 to 2014. During this time, 86% of LUCF emissions were from forest land, followed by 14% from burning biomass, and negligible amounts from other LUCF sources. DRC’s annual deforestation rate was estimated at 0.2% for the 1990-2010 period, lower than the average Western and Central Africa deforestation rate of 0.46%.4 While the DRC's deforestation rate was relatively low until 2010, 5 tree cover loss has sharply increased in recent years. WRI estimates tree cover loss to be 0.69% in 2016 and 0.74% in 2017, respectively.6 Tree cover loss reached a record high in 2017, driven by agriculture, artisanal logging and charcoal production, with nearly 70% occurring in agricultural areas known as the rural complex.7 The TNC notes the main direct causes of deforestation and forest degradation include slash-and-burn agriculture practiced by farmers, small-scale timber exploitation, and activities such as fuelwood harvesting (for fuelwood and charcoal production) and artisanal mining. The Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) identified infrastructure, including mining and road development, and agriculture (commercial, subsistence, and small-scale including slash and burn) and forest exploitation as the most recurrent direct causes of deforestation and forest degradation. Economic factors (proximity of large cities, national borders, mining operations and forest concessions), socio political factors (refugee camps, conflict zones, protected areas, distance to protected areas, forest code), biophysical factors (forest fragmentation, degraded forests, navigable waterways, slopes), transport (presence of main, secondary and local roads, distance to roads, distance to navigable waterways), and demography (population growth, size of urban households) also drive deforestation.8 DRC has among the world’s highest rate of population growth, which can place heavy demand on land and forest resources and drive deforestation.9 DRC enacted a Forest Code in 2002. To implement it, the National Environment, Forests, Waters and Biodiversity Program was adopted in 2011.10 In 2014, DRC developed its National Forest Policy (2014-2025) to reinforce and pursue the sustainable management of its forest resources and promote green economy, poverty eradication, the well-being of people, and the fight against climate change. The DRC also participates in the UN-REDD Programme and the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. In 2016, the World Bank launched the Forest Dependent Communities Support Project, which aims to strengthen the capacity of targeted Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities to participate in REDD land and forest management activities.

Agriculture: Agriculture emissions decreased 4% from 1990 to 2014, due to decreased emissions from enteric fermentation from livestock and manure left on pasture.11 This is likely due to a reduced cattle population, which decreased nearly by half during the same time.12 The TNC notes that local breeding activities dropped due to the import of meat and poultry at competitive prices. From

1990 to 2014, burning savanna was the largest source of agriculture emissions (83%).13

Climate Change Mitigation Targets

The DRC pledged conditionally to reduce GHG emissions by 17% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels from LUCF, agriculture, and energy. In LUCF, DRC identified potential interventions including afforestation and reforestation, sustainable management of timber operations, rehabilitation of mining and oil operations, and fighting of bush fires. The TNC states that improving the implementation of climate change mitigation policies and measures should involve institutional and human resources capacity building, and that insufficient implementation is due to constraints including the absence of a national climate change policy, strategy and action plan, insufficient allocation of public financial resources, insufficient integration of environmental considerations into sectoral policies, and a lack of intersectoral cooperation.17 Upon the DRC’s ratification of the Paris Agreement in December 2017, the INDC became its first NDC

Framework²²

Climate framework is the critical uncertainty number one for this year’s Issues Monitor. The DRC is in the process of implementing the Paris Agreement. The country also has a high rate of deforestation, ranking within the top ten in the world. CO2 emissions nationally are around 3 million metric tons per year, equating to around 0.04 metric tons per person. The shift to modern energy services, electricity and improved cooking stoves will help decrease the use of diesel and kerosene for energy needs. According to energy leaders in Congo, corruption is a critical uncertainty for the energy sector. The DRC’s progress toward providing universal access to electricity is uncertain following claims of massive corruption. The recent bribery claims during one of the energy tenders is a big setback to the DRC, as the country is trying to attract foreign investors.

²¹https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/DRC%20GHG%20Emissions%20Factsheet%20Final.pdf
²²https://www.worldenergy.org/assets/downloads/1.-World-Energy-Issues-Monitor-2019-Interactive-Full-Report.pdf

Regional Integration²³

2019 Highlights

The issue of regional integration is the third critical uncertainty according to the DRC’s energy leaders. In a bid to meet the energy demand of industries, households and businesses, electricity access can be improved by making the most of cross-border electrification projects. Combined efforts to improve energy access will most likely require developing power supply interconnections in the Central African region. The DRC, by working with neighboring Central African countries, could tap into huge reserves of renewable energy resources such as hydro, solar, wind energy, geothermal as well as non-renewables like thermal, peat, and coal that are technically and financially viable. However, political instability and suspicions of corruption have affected regional collaboration. Energy leaders in Congo highlight hydro as the first action priority for this year’s Issues Monitor. The DRC hosts a potential to install up to 100,000 MW of hydropower capacity in the country.

Import/Exports²⁴

In 2008, exports from DRC have reached 1230 GWh, as compared to the imported 660 GWh during the same year. A limited regional power trade is taking place among few countries through the following interconnections between: - DRC and Congo (60 MW capacity), - DRC and Zambia to SAPP (150 MW capacity), and - DRC to Burundi, CAR, Rwanda and Angola with MV cross-borders sales. The commissioning end 2010 of Imboulou hydropower plant in Congo has substantially decreased its imports from DRC.

Integration challenges

The government’s primary focus is to develop large-scale hydropower solutions to supply increasing energy demands and export electricity to neighboring countries. The DRC is a long way from achieving its original target of 65% electrification by 2025, let alone the new Sustainable Development Goals of universal electricity access by 2030. The utilisation of hydropower could contribute to the delivery of energy targets with environmental sustainability in sight. Nevertheless, the cost of these large-scale projects, the political instability of the country, and the suspicions of corruption, have slowed down their development. The issue of providing decentralised systems is the second action priority for this year’s Issues Monitor. The DRC government is working to improve rural electrification rates through off-grid solar kits and mini-grids. Small-scale projects around renewable energies are likely to significantly increase access to electricity, especially in rural areas. The energy leaders in Congo consider coal as the third action priority for this year’s Issues Monitor. According to its energy leaders, coal will play an important part in the energy mix to achieve the 65% electrification target by 2025 and the universal access target by 2050.

Figure 3²⁵ Central Africa Energy Mix

Figure 4²⁶ Central Africa detailed Energy Mix

Network integration - PEAC²⁷

The Pool Energetique De L'Afrique Centrale (PEAC), also Central African Power Pool, The Central African Power Pool (CAPP) is the specialized institution of the ECCAS in charge of implementing and coordinating the energy policy. In accordance with the decision of the Heads of States and Governments of Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), in January 2004, the Central African Power Pool (CAPP) was created and covers 10 countries: Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo (DR), Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao Tomé & Principe and Chad. The members of CAPP are national electricity companies and energy ministries. The mission of CAPP consists of: (a)Valorize by the next 25 years, the huge hydroelectric and gas potential of Central Africa to satisfy the regional and continental demands of electricity through an interconnected system of national grids and a free exchange electricity market; (b) Secure the power supply of the member states; (c) Promote and coordinate development of regional power infrastructures (studies and projects implementation); (d) Increase the regional electrification rate and satisfy all kinds of energy demand. The energy balance of ECCAS countries is largely dominated by biomass, covering from 70 to 90% of total energy needs in the countries. Contrasting with the abundance of the primary energy resources, the consumption of commercial energy is very small (0.06 toe / capita, against 0.3 in Africa) and is characterized by the predominance of the petroleum products. The electricity consumption is only 109 kWh / capita against 740 for the whole of Africa. Only about 10% of the 113 million people in the region have access to electricity, representing about 1.3 million subscribers. In order to develop the huge hydroelectric potential of Central Africa to secure supplies of electricity in member countries and meet the electricity needs even outside of ECCAS area, the CAPP wishes to build by 2025, several electricity interconnected highway and establishes a free market exchange of efficient and prosperous electricity. The program of the Central African Power Pool (CAPP), promoted by the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), focuses on the development of the interconnections and electricity exchanges between the Central Africa States. Its strategy, focused on the sharing of the abundant but unequally distributed energy resources in the region, is based on a master plan and promotes a limited number of priority projects, both in terms of energy projects implementation and the institutional capacity building efforts.

Regional electricity market

Power consumption and generation In 2009, power consumption by CAPP member countries is estimated at 14 307 GWh as compared to 15 238 GWh in 2008. This decrease is mainly due to the non-served energy originated from non regular availability of power. Three countries represent 83% of total consumption, respectively with 24% for Angola, 27% for Cameroon and 32% for DRC.

²³https://www.worldenergy.org/assets/downloads/1.-World-Energy-Issues-Monitor-2019-Interactive-Full-Report.pdf
²⁴https://www.icafrica.org/fileadmin/documents/Knowledge/Energy/ICA_RegionalPowerPools_Report.pdf
²⁵Africa Energy Data 2018
²⁶Africa Energy Data 2018

Electricity Regulatory Index

Regulatory assessment

[To be completed]

Recommendations

[To be completed]

National utility

General profile³¹

The National Electricity Company (SNEL) is a public industrial and commercial establishment with legal personality. Its head office is located in Kinshasa in the municipality of Gombe. The history of SNEL goes back to the colonial era, from the discovery of the Congo River, which gave the authorities colonial prospects to create the Institute of Inga implementing the project of construction of large dams and hydroelectric power plants. In 1970, the year in which the National Electricity Company (SNEL) was created by Ordinance-Law n 70 / 033 of May 16, 1970, with the objective to:

• collect and use the waters of the Congo River in the Inga region for the production of electrical energy or for other purposes;
• construct, equip or exploit for itself or by third parties, for itself or for third parties, any works, installations and factories for the abstraction of hydraulic power or the use of energy sources;
• produce by all means, transport, transform, and use in any way, electrical energy in all its forms;
• sell and use the energy produced.

Policy and strategy³²

Table 7 Power Plants Key Figures³³

The Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo is committed to support, encourage and supervise all initiatives and actions that contribute to the development of the country's energy resources to increase the supply of electricity, under the best conditions of price and environmental protection. This strategy is broken down into 4 different axes:

• Axis 1: Reform of the institutional and legal framework: Law No. 14/011 promulgated on June 17, 2014: Establishment of a Regulatory Authority (ARE) and a Rural Electrification Agency (ANSER) Attractive and secure measures for investments
• Axis 2: Renovation and extension of existing electricity generation, transmission and distribution facilities:
• Axis 3: Development of new infrastructure for electricity generation, transmission and distribution Large national projects but also smaller projects adapted to the local market structure Appropriate combination of renewable energies Partnerships of several types: investments in PPP, BOT, BOOT Use of loans for project development Technical and financial support for rural and peri-urban electrification projects
• Axis 4: Inga site development in several stages

Production:

Figure 5 Transport and distribution networks – Lines and Voltage Level³⁴:

³¹http://www.snel.cd/about/histoire.php
³²Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo AEMP 2019 presentation
³³https://www.usea.org/sites/default/files/event-/Democratic%20Republic%20of%20Congo%20Power%20Sector.pdf

Mapping of ongoing programmes and projects

Donors interventions:³⁵

African development bank

1. The Market Development for Electricity for Domestic and Export Consumption (PMEDE) project, set up jointly by the AfDB and IDA to improve SNEL operations, resulted in:
- the restoration of 450 MW of power to the Inga 1 and 2 plants - 30% of the available capacity
- the rehabilitation of part of Kinshasa's transmission and distribution network

2. the PAGASE project provides: - the rehabilitation of a 5th group on the 6 groups of the Inga plant 1
- the construction of an additional 4 MW module at the Lungudi power station (Kasaï Province), put into concession for the benefit of a private operator
- the rehabilitation of the distribution network of 5 communes of the city of Kinshasa
- the installation of an intelligent metering system at HV / MV substations in order to improve the management of the city's transmission and distribution network

3. Conducting the study of the provincial electrification plans, SNEL restructuring axes and the Ministry of Energy structure reform

USAID

USAID provides technical assistance to the Ministry of Energy through the Electricity Sector Reform Project:

1. Support for the entry into operation of ARE and ANSER
2. Development of Enforcement Measures for the Electricity Sector

World Bank (IDA)

The Electrical Access and Improvement Project (EASE) provides:

1. The rehabilitation of the SNEL distribution network in 10 communes of Kinshasa, in addition to the ADB program
2. The rehabilitation of the Mobayi power plant (North Ubangi province) and associated transmission and distribution networks
3. The continuation of the completion of three uncompleted contracts under the PMEDE and transferred to the EASE project (rehabilitation of substations and substations, electrification of the residual black pockets of the PMEDE project)
4. "a line of credit" for private operators for the realization of their distribution networks, as well as a "subsidy" intended to reduce the cost connection for households. The first disbursements are already made on the electrification fund, they are projected at the end of June 2019 for the line of credit
5. Carrying out sector development planning studies3.3.4. PNUD : Promotion de mini et microcentrales hydroélectriques (MCH) comme solution au développement de la production de l’électricité dans les zones hors réseau.

KfW

1. Hydropower Program for the Water Sector Program (PROSECO), in the acronym "PROHYDRO" for the substitution of thermal generation by hydropower for REGIDESO's water production facilities in 19 cities and the electricity supply to the populations of these cities

2. (ii) Rehabilitation and modernization of the Inga Dispersion Station

DFID

1. Pre-feasibility study of a solar electrification program with installation of isolated networks starting with 3 pilot projects in the cities of Isiro (Haut Uele Province), Bumba (Mongala Province) and Gemena (South Ubangi Province)

2. Contribution of the AfDB and the Green Climate Fund to the financing of infrastructure development in the three cities

Indian cooperation

1. Construction of Kakobola Hydropower Plant (Kwilu Province, 10.5 MW) and associated transmission and distribution networks for food cities of Gungu, Idiofa and Kikwit

2. Construction of the Grand Katende hydroelectric plant (Kasai Central Province, 64.0 MW) and associated transmission and distribution networks for the food of the cities of Kananga (Capital of Kasaï Central) and Mbuji-Mayi (Capital of Kasaï Oriental).

SE4ALL Africa

1. Country Action Agenda and Investment Prospectus

International Solar Alliance:

1. Financing solar system electrification of Karawa, Lusambo, Mbandaka cities (35 MW in total)

³⁴https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00SX8K.pdf
³⁵Government presentation – AEMP 2019

Enabling Environment³⁶

In 2011, the China EXIM Bank and Sinohydro Corp signed a $360 million agreement to build a hydroelectric plant (Zongo III) at Zongo in Bas‐Congo province. The 120 MW project is complete and was expected to come online in 2017. A 10.5 MW hydropower project at Kakobola in the province of Kwilu is one of two power projects financed by Exim Bank of India and the GDRC. The power plant is being executed for a total cost of $57.4 million, of which $42 million is funded by Government of India (GOI) and $15.4 million is funded by Government of DRC. A second plant being built with Indian assistance is located in Katende in the Kasai (Occidental) province. This 64 MW HPP, which is 50‐60% complete, is being built for a total cost of $280 million, of which $250 million is funded by GOI through its Exim Bank and $30 million is funded by GDRC.

The Virunga region in North Kivu has eight potential hydropower sites with an estimated potential of 100 MW. Two of these projects (13.8 MW Matebe and 0.38 MW Mtwanga) are currently operational, thanks to generous assistance from the Howard G Buffet Foundation. The smaller Mtwanga plant supplies power to a local soap factory and supports 400 jobs. A third site at Lubero is being developed with a hydroelectric capacity of 12.8 MW. These projects belong to Virunga Sarl, a company that constructs and operates hydro plants and distribution systems in the Virunga National Park area. The company offers incentive schemes for commercial/industrial (medium voltage) and residential (low voltage) customers. The scheme involves a lump‐sum payment for the first year ($292 for medium voltage and $223 for low voltage) and a consumption-based tariff for subsequent years (20.26 cents/kWh for medium and 21.50 cents/kWh for low voltage customers). By early 2018, Virunga had around 4,300 customers. Power Africa is working with Virunga to expand its network into the Nyirigonga district of Goma, which has up to 20,000 households without power.

Current projects and projects under study presented by the government across the power spectrum during the Africa Energy Marker Place June 2019³⁷

Table 8: Additional investments required to meet energy targets³⁸

Sample sources of concessional funding

• African Development Bank financing solutions: https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/financial-products/
• A list of available sources are available here: https://www.get-invest.eu/funding-database/?_search=1
• Africa Renewable Energy Fund (AREF): https://www.gogla.org/africa-renewable-energy-fund-aref
• Africa Power Platform: http://www.africanpowerplatform.org/financing/grants.html
• Seed Capital Assistance Facility (SCAF): https://www.scaf-energy.org/
• Energy access Africa: https://energyaccess-africa.com/2016/10/10/funds-available-for-energy-access-companies-and-projects-in-africa/
• Energy Africa Infrastructure Fund: https://energyaccess-africa.com/2016/10/10/funds-available-for-energy-access-companies-and-projects-in-africa/
• IRENA/ ADFD: https://www.irena.org/ADFD/Project-Facility/Funding-Offer

³⁶Power Africa Website
³⁷Presentation made by the ministry of energy
³⁸GoDRC presentation at AEMP 2019

Contact information of local donor representations

About opportunities in the country

⁴²Government of DRC AEMP 2019 presentation
⁴³African Energy – 2018 Databook
⁴⁴African Energy – 2018 Databook
⁴⁵Aemp 2019 Government Presentation

About private sector participation